Clinical Papers

Bedside analysis of the sublingual microvascular glycocalyx in the emergency room and intensive care unit – the GlycoNurse study
Kuempers 2018: good intra-observer and excellent intra-class reproducibility of PBR measurements in ICU and ER patients; increased PBR in ICU patients compared with ER patients. PBR correlates with Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) and with CRP and SOFA scores.

Early Onset Preeclampsia Is Associated With Glycocalyx Degradation and Reduced Microvascular Perfusion
Weissgerber 2019: reproducibility of PBR measurements in pre-eclampsia patients increases when taking average of 2 or 3 measurements.

Association of sublingual microcirculation parameters and endothelial glycocalyx dimensions in resuscitated sepsis
Kuempers 2019: PBR in patients correlates with plasma Syndecan-1 levels and with Atomic Force Microscope measurements of glycocalyx dimension on cultured endothelial cells exposed to patients' plasma.

Increase in perfused boundary region of endothelial glycocalyx is associated with higher prevalence of ischemic heart disease and lesions of microcirculation and vascular wall
Gorshkov 2018: Increase of PBR is associated with ischemic heart disease.

Experimental Papers

Rapid Insulin-Mediated Increase in Microvascular Glycocalyx Accessibility in Skeletal Muscle May Contribute to Insulin-Mediated Glucose Disposal in Rats
Eskens 2013: Insulin increases PBR, and hyaluronidase treatment of the glycocalyx abolishes the insulin effect

Early impairment of skeletal muscle endothelial glycocalyx barrier properties in diet-induced obesity in mice
Eskens 2014: PBR is increased in response to a High Fat Diet (figure 2D) and PBR correlates with increased duration and level of plasma glucose (area under the curve of glucose) after Glucose Tolerance Test.

Perturbed mechanotransduction by endothelial surface glycocalyx modification greatly impairs the arteriogenic process
Potter 2015: Inhibition of endothelial hyaluronan production increases PBR, which is associated with diminished glycocalyx dimension as measured with the Dextran 150kDa exclusion zone (figure 1).

Advanced age results in a diminished endothelial glycocalyx
Machin 2018: PBR increase in old mice is associated with decreased glycocalyx dimension, and increased PBR is associated with decreased glycocalyx dimension.